1. What is Culvert Flow?

The culvert flow equation calculates the volumetric flow rate through a culvert or pipe under pressure difference. It's based on the principle of energy conservation and Bernoulli's equation.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the culvert flow equation:

Where:

• \( Q \) — Flow rate (m³/s)
• \( A \) — Cross-sectional area (m²)
• \( g \) — Gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s²)
• \( h_1 \) — Upstream head (m)
• \( h_2 \) — Downstream head (m)

Explanation: The equation calculates flow based on the pressure difference (head difference) driving the flow through the culvert.

3. Importance of Culvert Flow Calculation

Details: Accurate flow calculation is crucial for designing drainage systems, flood control structures, and hydraulic infrastructure.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter cross-sectional area in m², head measurements in meters. Ensure upstream head is greater than downstream head for valid results.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the typical range for culvert flow rates?
A: Flow rates vary widely depending on culvert size and head difference, from 0.01 m³/s for small pipes to 10+ m³/s for large culverts.

Q2: Does this equation account for friction losses?
A: This basic form doesn't include friction. For more accurate results, Manning's equation or other methods considering friction may be needed.

Q3: What if the culvert isn't flowing full?
A: This equation assumes full pipe flow. For partially full culverts, more complex open channel flow equations are required.

Q4: How does culvert shape affect the calculation?
A: The equation works for any shape as long as you use the correct cross-sectional area (A) for that shape.

Q5: What are common applications of this calculation?
A: Used in stormwater management, road drainage design, irrigation systems, and flood control projects.