1. What is EPSS?

EPSS (E-point to Septal Separation) is a measurement obtained from M-mode echocardiography that correlates with left ventricular function. It represents the distance between the mitral valve E-point and the interventricular septum.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

Where:

• \( EF \) — Ejection fraction (percentage)
• \( EPSS \) — E-point to septal separation (centimeters)

Explanation: This linear relationship was derived from echocardiographic studies showing that increased EPSS correlates with decreased left ventricular function.

3. Importance of EF Calculation

Details: Ejection fraction is a crucial measure of cardiac function, used to diagnose and monitor heart failure, assess prognosis, and guide treatment decisions.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the EPSS measurement in centimeters obtained from M-mode echocardiography. The value must be ≥0.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is a normal EPSS value?
A: Normal EPSS is typically ≤7 mm (0.7 cm). Values >1.0 cm often indicate reduced left ventricular function.

Q2: How accurate is this calculation compared to other EF measurement methods?
A: While useful for quick estimation, it's less accurate than Simpson's biplane method or cardiac MRI. It correlates well when EPSS is between 0.5-2.0 cm.

Q3: What are the limitations of this method?
A: Less accurate in patients with mitral stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or abnormal septal motion. Not valid when EPSS >2.5 cm.

Q4: What is considered a normal ejection fraction?
A: Normal EF is 55-70%. Below 40% typically indicates systolic heart failure.

Q5: Can this be used for serial monitoring?
A: For clinical decision making, more precise methods should be used. This is best for initial screening or quick estimation.